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全网热议“房屋养老制度”，新加坡人纷纷表示……_我的网站

A | 这两天，在中国大陆全网热议的就是“房屋养老制度”了。前几天，中国住建部表示，研究建立房屋体检、房屋养老金、房屋保险制度，构建全生命周期房屋安全管理长效机制，上海等22个城市目前正开展试点。房屋养老金制度的核心在于为房屋体检、维修、保险提供资金保障。 DETROIT -- Detroit's three automakers have laid off roughly 4,800 workers at factories that are not among the plants that have been hit by the United Auto Workers strikes, which have lasted for nearly four weeks.The companies say the strikes have nevertheless forced them to impose those layoffs. They note that the job cuts have occurred mainly at factories that make parts for assembly plants that were closed by strikes. In one case, layoffs have been imposed at a factory that uses supplies from a parts factory on strike.The UAW rejects that argument. It contends that the layoffs are unjustified and were imposed as part of the companies' pressure campaign to persuade UAW members to accept less favorable terms in negotiations with automakers. The factories that have been affected by layoffs are in six states: Michigan, Ohio, Illinois, Kansas, Indiana and New York. Sam Fiorani, an analyst with AutoForecast Solutions, a consulting firm, said he thinks the layoffs reflect a simple reality: The automakers are losing money because of the strikes. By slowing or idling factories that are running below their capacities because of strike-related parts shortages, Fiorani said, the companies can mitigate further losses.“It doesn’t make sense to keep running at 30% or 40% of capacity when it normally runs at 100%,” he said. “We’re not looking at huge numbers of workers relative to the ones actually being struck. But there is fallout.”In a statement, Bryce Currie, vice president of Americas manufacturing at Ford, said: “While we are doing what we can to avoid layoffs, we have no choice but to reduce production of parts that would be destined for a plant that is on strike."UAW President Shawn Fain countered in a statement that the automakers were using layoffs to pressure the union into settling the strike. With billions in profits, Fain argued, the companies don’t have to lay off a single employee.The UAW began striking against General Motors, Ford and Stellantis on Sept. 15, with one assembly plant from each company. The next week, the union expanded the strike to 38 GM and Stellantis parts warehouses. Assembly plants from Ford and GM were added the week after that. All told, about 25,000 workers have walked off their jobs at the three automakers. Striking workers are receiving $500 a week from the union’s strike pay fund. By contrast, anyone who is laid off would qualify for state unemployment aid, which, depending on a variety of circumstances, could be less or more than $500 a week. “Their plan won’t work,” Fain said. “The UAW will make sure any worker laid off in the Big Three’s latest attack will not go without an income.”GM said it has laid off 2,330 workers, including 1,600 at a temporarily closed assembly plant in Kansas City, Kansas, that makes the Chevrolet Malibu sedan and Cadillac XT4 small SUV. The plant uses metal parts produced at the GM plant in Wentzville, Missouri, which is on strike. Other GM facilities that have been affected by layoffs are in Lockport, New York; Toledo, Ohio; Marion, Indiana; Parma, Ohio; and Lansing, Michigan.Ford said it has laid off 1,865 workers. They include 600 auto-body and parts-stamping employees in Wayne, Michigan, who are not on strike but who have been affected by a nearby assembly plant that has been struck. Other Ford locations with layoffs include Chicago; Sterling Heights and Livonia, Michigan; and Cleveland and Lima, Ohio. Stellantis said late Monday that it had laid off about 640 workers, including 520 at an engine factory complex in Trenton, Michigan, that supplies a Jeep plant in Toledo, Ohio, that is on strike. Other locations with layoffs include a metal casting plant in Kokomo, Indiana, and a machining factory in Toledo. Fiorani said that if the strike widens, more workers will likely be laid off at non-striking plants. Once metal stamping factories that supply multiple assembly plants have produced enough parts for non-striking facilities, the companies would likely shut them down.“Once you've filled up the stocks for the other plants you supply," he said, “you have to lay off the workers and wait out the strike.”Separate companies that manufacture parts for the automakers are likely to have laid off workers but might not report them publicly, said Patrick Anderson, CEO of the Anderson Economic Group in Lansing, Michigan. A survey of parts supply companies by a trade association called MEMA Original Equipment Suppliers found that 30% of members have laid off workers and that more than 60% expect to start layoffs in mid-October.Fiorani said that while larger parts suppliers can likely withstand the strike, smaller companies that make parts for the bigger companies might not have enough cash or the ability to borrow to outlast the job actions. Some, he said, may have a couple dozen workers “and don't have billions in value to use as collateral in loans,” he said. Thus far, the union has decided to target a small number of plants from each company rather than have all 146,000 UAW members at the automakers go on strike at the same time.Last week, the union reported progress in the talks and decided not to add any more plants. This came after GM agreed to bring joint-venture electric vehicle battery factories into the national master contract, almost assuring that the plants will be unionized.Battery plants are a major point of contention in the negotiations. The UAW wants those plants to be unionized to assure jobs and top wages for workers who will be displaced by the industry's ongoing transition to electric vehicles.。许多读者纷纷来问，新加坡的做法是怎样的？据我们观察，新加坡一直都有类似“房屋养老”的制度。不过，按不同房屋的类型，“养老制度”也有所差异。政府组屋，图源：新加坡眼新加坡80%人口住在政府组屋。

B | 政府组屋住户要交“服务与杂费”（S&CC）。其实，就相当于物业费。政府组屋，图源：新加坡眼“服务与杂费”涵盖的范围包括组屋区内公共设施的保养和维修，例如外墙、走廊、电梯、水泵、配电房、花园，还有垃圾处理等等。以裕廊—金文泰为例，每月“服务与杂费”介于67新元至125.50新元，经政府津贴，为21.50新元至111新元。

C | 组屋的大项维修由政府负责和承担费用。现在来说说私人住宅。私人住宅分两大类。一类是私人公寓。私人公寓住户要交物业费和维修基金。物业费涵盖的范围包括公共设施的水电和日常养护，如游泳池、健身房、网球场、壁球场等等，以及一些小修小补，比如电梯、公共场所空调的维修。

D | （新加坡的私人公寓。

E | 图源：张露）根据不同的房型、面积以及物业公司，一般来说，每月物业费介于300新元至700新元。维修基金sinking fund则是用来进行专项维修或购买新系统的，换句话说，用于大修大补，例如屋顶维修和防水、老旧地砖的更新、停车场地面重新铺设、更换被白蚁腐蚀的构件、保安系统的更新、购买物业巡逻车等等。按照法律，按揭购买的房屋，在房贷未付清之前，银行要求业主必须购买房屋保险；在付清之后，则由业主自行决定是否继续参保。另一类是有地住宅，也就是排屋或别墅。